تعیین سهم زمین‌زاد و انسان‌زاد فلزات سنگین در خاک‌های منطقه ویژه اقتصادی انرژی پارس در جنوب ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‎آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان،سنندج، ایران

10.22034/eiap.2023.169979

چکیده

هدف این مطالعه تفکیک سهم زمین‎زاد و انسان‎زاد و همچنین تعیین درجه آلودگی فلزات سنگین کمیاب در خاک‌ سطحی منطقه ویژه اقتصادی انرژی پارس در جنوب ایران است. خاک محدوده‎ای به وسعت 4/395 کیلومتر مربع در شهرستان عسلویه واقع در منطقه ویژه اقتصادی انرژی پارس و در امتداد نوار ساحلی استان بوشهر در جنوب ایران در 14 نقطه در دو عمق 10-0 و 50-40 سانتی‌متر در سال 1398 مورد نمونه‎برداری قرار گرفت. سهم زمین‎زاد و انسان‎زاد فلزات سنگین Cd, Se, As, Co, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn در نمونه‌های خاک سطحی با استفاده از تفاوت غلظت آن‌ها بین لایه‎های 10-0 و 50-40 سانتی‎متری خاک در قیاس با تغییرات غلظت سه عنصر مرجع Fe، Nb و U تعیین شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقادیر انسان‎زاد فلزات سنگین سنجش شده در مناطق میانی محدوده مورد مطالعه و در جوار صنایع پالایشگاهی و مجتمع‎های پتروشیمی مشاهده شد. جهت باد غالب از غرب به شرق نیز تجمع سهم انسان‎زاد این عناصر در خاک سطحی را به سمت شرق متمایل کرده لیکن با افزایش فاصله از مکان صنایع پالایشگاهی و مجتمع‎های پتروشیمی تدریجا کاهش می‎یافت. به طور کلی سهم انسان‌زاد فلزات سنگین مطالعه شده نسبت به سهم زمین‌زاد آن‌ها در خاک سطحی منطقه کمتر بود. درجه آلودگی این عناصر بر اساس شاخص جامع آلودگی در 11 نقطه در دامنه بدون آلودگی تا با آلودگی متوسط (کمتر از 1)، در 2 نقطه دارای آلودگی متوسط (06/1 و 22/1) و در 1 نقطه نیز واجد آلودگی متوسط تا قوی (38/2) تشخیص داده شد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Determination of Geogenic and Anthropogenic Share of Heavy Metals in Soils of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone in Southern Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Azam Zarei 1
  • Bubak Souri 2
1 MSc Graduate, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Objective of this study is fractionation of geogenic and anthropogenic share and also determination of contamination level of trace heavy metals in surface soil of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone in southern Iran. Soil sampling in 14 points for two depths of 0-10 and 40-50 cm across a 395.4 km2 located in Asalouyeh county Pars Special Economic Energy Zone along coastal strip of Bushehr Province in southern Iran was conducted in 2020. Geogenic and anthropogenic share of heavy metals of Cd, Se, As, Co, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn in surface soil were determined using concentration differences of them between the two depths of 0-10 and 40-50 cm compared to the three reference elements of Fe, Nb and U. The results showed that the highest anthropogenic content of the measured heavy metals was found in the middle of the study area just beside the refineries and petrochemical installations. Dominant wind blow direction of west to east resulted in a shift of accumulation of anthropogenic share of elements in surface soil with an eastward tendency but a decreasing of content with increasing distance from refinery and petrochemical installation was seen. As a whole anthropogenic share of the studied heavy metals in the surface soils of the region was less than their geogenic share. Contamination level of these elements based on Integrated Pollution Index was non to mild pollution in 11 points (less than 1), mild pollution in 2 points (1.06 and 1.22) and mild to strong pollution in 1 point (2.38).

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil Pollution
  • Refinery
  • Petrochemical Complex
  • Reference Element
  • Asalouyeh

Alloway, B.J. 1995. Heavy metals in soils. 2nd edition. Blackie Academic and Professional, London, UK.

Azimzadeh, B., Khademi, H.,1392. Estimation of Background Concentration of Selected Heavy Metals for Pollution Assessment of Surface Soils of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil. 27(3), 548-559. (In Persian)

Bakradze, E.; Vodyanitskii, Y.; Urushadze, T. & Chankseliani, Z. 2018. About rationing of the heavy metals in soils of Georgia, Annals of Agrarian Science. 16, 1-6.

Barbieri, M. 2015. The Importance of Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) to Evaluate the Soil Contamination. Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 5, 1.

Baydarashvili, M.; Shrednik, N. & Spasovskaia, A. 2017. Detection method of pollution with heavy metals ions of the soil. Procedia Engineering. 189, 630-636.

Bhuiyan, M. A.; Parvez, L.; Islam, M. A.; Dampare, S. B. & Suzuki, S. 2010. Heavy Metal Pollution of Coal Mine-Affected Agricultural Soils in the Northern Part of Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 173, 384-392.

Chen, H.; Teng, Y.; Lu, S.; Wang, Y. & Wang, J. 2015. Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China. Science of the Total Environment. 512, 143-153.

Dabiri, R.; Bakhshi Mazdeh, M. & Mollai, H. 2017. Heavy metal pollution and identification of their sources in soil over Sangan iron-mining region, NE Iran. Journal of Mining and Environment. 8(2), 277-289.

Day, PR. 1965. Particle fractions and particle-size analysis. In: Black CA (ed) Methods of soil analysis: Part 1. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 545–567.

Deligani, F.; Kazemi, Gh.; Parvin Nia, M. & Khakshoor, M. 1388. Enrichment and Distribution of Heavy Metals in among soils of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone. Eight international Congress Civil Engineering. University of Shiraz. (In Persian)

Fazelvalipour, B.; Fazelvalipour, M. E. & Dabiri, R. 2016. Geochemical distribution assessment of the heavy metals consequent mafic and ultra-mafic stones in robat sefid region soil (south of Masĥhad). 20th conference of Geological Association of Iran. University of Tehran. (In Persian)

Falciani, R.; Novaro, E.; Marchesini, M. & Gucciardi, M. 2000. Multi-element analysis of soil and sediment by ICP-MS after a microwave assisted digestion method. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 15, 561-565.

Goar, B. 1986. Sulfur Recovery Technology: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY.

Grimaldi, C.; Grimaldi, M. & Guedron, S. 2008. Mercury distribution in tropical soil profiles related to origin of mercury and soil processes. Science of the total Environment. 401, 121-129.
Gurumoorthi, K. & Venkatachalapathy, R. 2016. Spatial and seasonal trend of trace metals and ecological risk assessment along Kanyakumari coastal sediments, southern India. Pollution. 2(3), 269-287.
Guedron, S.; Grimaldi, C.; Chauvel, C.; Spadini, L. & Grimaldi, M. 2006. Weathering versus atmospheric contributions to mercury concentrations in French Guiana soils. Applied Geochemistry. 21, 2010-2022.
Hakanson, L. 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.A sedimentological approach. Water research, 14(8): 975-1001.
Hopkins, DW. 2006. Carbon mineralization. In: Carter MR, Gregorich EG (eds) Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 589–598.
Hu, Y. & Cheng, H. 2013. Application of stochastic models in identification and apportionment of heavy metal pollution sources in the surface soils of a large-scale region. Environmental Science and Technology. 47(8), 3752-3760.

Hu, Y.; Liu, X.; Bai, J.; Shih, K.; Zeng, E.Y. & Cheng, H. 2013. Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 20, 6150-6159.

Ihedioha, J.N.; Ukoha, P.O. & Ekere, N.R. 2017. Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil of a municipal solid waste dump in Uyo, Nigeria. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 39, 497-515.

Jorfi, S.; Maleki, R. & Jaafarzadeh, N. 2017. Pollution Load Index for heavy metals in Mian-Ab plain soil, Khuzestan, Iran. Data in Brief. 15, 584-590.

Li, Z.; Ma, Z.; Kuijp, T.J.; Yuan, Z. & Huang L. 2014. A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: Pollution and health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment. 468, 843-853.

Likuku, A. S.; Mmolawa, K. B. & Gaboutloeloe, G. K. 2013. Assessment of Heavy     Metal Enrichment and Degree of Contamination around the Copper-Nickel Mine in the Selebi Phikwe Region, Eastern Botswana. Environment and Ecology Research (1.2), 32-40.

Liu, P.; Zhao, H.; Wang, L.; Liu, Z.; Wei, J.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, L.; Dong, L. & Zhang, Y. 2011. Analysis of heavy metal sources for vegetable soils from Shandong province, China. Agricultural Sciences in China. 10(1), 109-119.

Mico, C.; Recatala, L.; Peris, M. & Sanchez, J. 2006. Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere. 65(5), 863-872.

Mireles, F.; Davila, J.I.; Pinedo, J.L.; Reyes, E.; Speakman, R.J. & Glascock, M.D. 2012. Assessing urban soil pollution in the cities of Zacatecas and Guadalupe, Mexico by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Microchemical Journal. 103, 158-164.

Mohammadi, S.M.; Lorestani, B.; Sobhanardakani, S.; Cheraghi, M. & Tayebi, L. 2021. Source identification and ecological risk assessment of some heavy metals in surface soils collected from the vicinity of Arad-Kouh processing and disposal complex, Tehran, Iran. Environmental Sciences. 19(3), 1-22. (In Persion)

Muller, G. & Putz, G. 1969. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal. 2, 108-118.

Obiora, S. C.; Chukwu, A.; Toteu, S. F. & Davies, T. C. 2016. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils Around Lead (Pb)-Zinc (Zn) Mining Areas in Enyigba, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 87(4), 453-462.

Olatunji O. S.; Opeolu B. O.; Fatoki O. S. & Ximba B. J. 2013. Heavy metals concentration levels in selected arable agricultural soils in South Western Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 8(11): 421-427.

Olsen, S. R.; Cole, C. V.; Watanabe, F. S. & Dean, L. A. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 939. Banderis, A. D., D. H. Barter and K. Anderson. Agricultural and Advisor.

Page A. L.; Miller R. H.; Keeney D. R.; Baker D. E.; Ellis R. & Rhoades J. D. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. eds (No. 631.41 MET 9-2 1982. CIMMYT.).

Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Organization, Capital Attraction Management. 1394. Comprehensive Book of Investment in Pars Special Economic Energy Zone, Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Organization Public Relations Publishing. 343 Pages. (In Persian)

Parvin Nia, M. & Ahmadi, Kh. 1395. Accumulation and Numerical Modeling of Heavy Metals in Surface Soil of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone. Iranian journal of Water and Soil Conservation. 5(23), 67-86. (In Persian)

Pournia, M.; Moosavi, M.H. & Jassemi, Z. 1394. Survey of Heavy Metals Pollution in Surface Soils Around The industrial Town Of Ahvaz 2. Iranian journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 4(17), 23-32. (In Persian)

Ptable. 2021. https://ptable.com/#Properties/Density/STP (Available on 15 February, 2021).

Qaiser, M.S.H.; Ahmad, I.; Ahmad, S.R.; Afzal, M. & Qayyum, A. 2019. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Oil and Gas Well Drilling Waste and Soil in Pakistan. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 28(2), 785–793.

Ravankhah, N.; Mirzaei, R. & Masoum, S. 2015. Evaluation of geo accumulation index,contamination factor and principal component analysis for estimating soil contamination. Iranian journal of health and environment. 3(8), 345-356. (In Persian)
Raeihagh, H.; Behbahaninia, A. & Macki Aleagha, M. 2020. Risk assessment of sour gas inter-phase onshore pipeline using ANN and fuzzy inference system – Case study: The south pars gas field. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 68, 104238.
Rahimi, R. S.; Alizadeh, B.; Rastmanesh, F. & Saraf, D. H. 1395. Study Pollution from Heavy Metals and Determine their Source in Marun Oil Field Using Environmental Pollution Indicators. The Sixth National Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources. (In Persian)
Sabet Aghlidi, P.; Cheraghi, M.; Lorestani, B.; Sobhanardakani, S. & Merrikhpour, H. 2020. Analysis, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of arsenic and some heavy metals of agricultural soils, case study: South of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 18, 665-676.
Seifi, M.; Mahvi, A.H.; Hashemi, S.Y.; Arfaeinia, H.; Pasalari, H.; Zarei, A. & Changani, F. 2019. Spatial distribution, enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals in surface sediments near urban and industrial areas in the Persian Gulf. Desalination and Water Treatment.158, 130-139.
Sobhanardakani, S. 2017. Tuna fish and common Kilka: health risk assessment of metal pollution through consumption of canned fish in Iran. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety. 12(2), 157-163.
Sobhanardakani, S. 2019. Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Content of Atmospheric Dry Deposition, a Case Study: Kermanshah, Iran. Biological Trace Element Research. 187, 602-610.
Soil Survey Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook No 18.
Souri, B. & Watanabe, M. 2013. Mercury concentration in some calcareous soils of western Iran with a focus on pedological evolution and weathering process. Environmental Earth Sciences. 70, 1249-1262.
Souri, B.; Watanabe, M. & Sakagami, K. 2006. Contribution of Parker and Product indexes to evaluate weathering condition of Yellow Brown Forest soils in Japan. Geoderma. 130, 346-355.
Sterckeman, T.; Douay, F.; Proix, N.; Fourrier, H. & Perdrix, E. 2002. Assessment of the contamination of cultivated soils by eighteen trace elements around smelters in the North of France. Water Air Soil Pollution. (1-4), 173-94.

Wu, Q.; Leung, J.Y.S.; Geng, X.; Chen, S.; Huang, X.; Li, H.; Huang, Z.; Zhu, L.; Chen, J. & Lu, Y. 2015. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water in the vicinity of an abandoned e-waste recycling site: Implications for dissemination of heavy metals. Science of the Total Environment. 506, 217-225.

Yang, Q.; Li, Zh.; Lu, X.; Duan, Q.; Huang, L. & Bi, J. 2018. A review of soil heavy metal pollution from industrial and agricultural regions in China: Pollution and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment. 642, 690-700.