بررسی نقش متغیرهای روانشناختی بر توانمندی زنان روستایی درحفاظت از محیط‌زیست

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری، گروه ترویج ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه ترویج ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه مطالعات زنان، پژوهشکده مطالعات فرهنگی و اجتماعی، تهران، ایران

10.22034/eiap.2023.170002

چکیده

متغیرهای روانشناختی در زنان به علت قرابت نزدیک تر با محیط‌زیست نقش بیشتری در همکاری آنها با محیط‌زیست دارد. از این رو مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش متغیرهای روانشناختی بر توانمندی زنان روستایی در حفاظت از محیط‌زیست صورت پذیرفت. جامعه آماری پژوهش زنان روستایی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری بودند که با استفاده از جدول کرجیسی و مورگان تعداد 384 نفر از آن‌‌ها از طریق نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌‌بندی انتخاب شد. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از ابزار پرسشنامه استفاده گردید. روایی ظاهری و محتوایی پرسشنامه با نظر پانلی از متخصصان و کارشناسان قبل از پیش آزمون مورد تایید قرار گرفت. پایایی ابزار تحقیق نیز از طریق انجام پیش‌آزمون بین 30 نفر خارج از نمونه آماری و محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ برای مقیاس‌‌های اصلی پرسشنامه (در دامنه بین 72/0 تا 94/0) ارزیابی و تصحیح گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌‌افزارهای SPSS24 و AMOS24 انجام گرفت. داده‌‌های گردآوری شده با استفاده از تکنیک مدل‌‌سازی معادلات ساختاری تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. نتایج مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری مستقیم نشان داد رابطه مثبت و معنی داری بین متغیرهای روانشناختی شامل استقلال عمل، عزت نفس و خودکارآمدی با متغیر وابسته حفاظت از محیط‌زیست وجود دارد. همچنین، براساس نتایج مدل ساختاری میانجی مشخص شد که متغیر توانمندی زنان روستایی در رابطه بین متغیرهای روانشناختی با حفاظت از محیط‌زیست دارای نقش میانجی می‌باشد. از این رو با توجه به تأثیر توانمندی زنان روستایی در حفاظت از محیط‌زیست، پیشنهاد می‌‌گردد دوره‌‌ها و کارگاه‌‌های آموزشی جهت افزایش توانمندی زنان روستایی از طریق بهبود متغیرهای روانشناختی برگزار گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Role of Psychological Variables on the Rural Women's Empowerment in Environmental Conservation

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Ghasemi 1
  • Mohammad Badsar 2
  • Leila Falahati 3
1 Ph.D, Department of Extension, Communication and Rural Development, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Extension, Communication and Rural Development, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Women Studies, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Psychological variables in women due to their closer proximity to the environment have a greater role in their cooperation with the environment. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the role of psychological variables on the rural women empowerment in environmental conservation. In order to accomplish the objectives of this study, data were collected from a sample of 384 rural women in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province in Iran. A questionnaire was used as the research instrument. Reliability and validity of the survey instrument were further evaluated. Face and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by panel of experts and key informant before the pre-test stage. The reliability of instrument was assessed by conducting a pilot study among 30 samples out of the original sample. The reliability of instrument for the all sections based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient value (more than .80) revealed acceptable level of internal consistency. Data analysis was performed by SPSS24 and AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between psychological variables such as autonomy, self-esteem and self-efficacy with the dependent variable of environmental conservation. Also, based on the mediation structural model, it was found that rural women empowerment variable had a mediating role in the relationship between psychological variables and environmental conservation. Therefore, considering the impact of rural women's empowerment on environmental protection, it is suggested that courses and workshops be held to increase the empowerment of rural women by promoting psychological variables.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Women empowerment
  • Conservation
  • Environment
  • Rural development
  • Chaharmahal and bakhtiari
Ackerly, B. A. 1995. Testing the tools of development: credit programmes, loan involvement, and women's empowerment. IDS bulletin, 26(3), 56-68.
Agarwala, R. & Lynch, S. M. 2006. Refining the measurement of women's autonomy: an international application of a multi-dimensional construct. Social Forces, 84(4), 2077-2098.
Akintunde, E. A. 2017. Theories and Concepts for Human Behavior in Environmental Preservation. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health, 1(2), 120-133.
Allison, J. 2017. Ecofeminism and Global Environmental Politics, Online Publication Date: Nov 2017.
Alvarez, M. 2013. From Unheard Screams to Powerful Voices: A Case Study of Women’s Political Empowerment in the Philippines. Seoul, Korea: Thesis.
Badsar, M.; Karami, R. & Karami, E. 2018. Utilizing structural equation modeling for social and rural development research with Amos software, University of Zanjan press (In Persian).
Bandura, A. 2001. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 1-26.
Bandura, A. 2010. Self‐efficacy. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology, 1-3.
Barker, C. 2003. Cultural studies: Theory and practice: Sage publication.
Bayeh, E. 2016. The role of empowering women and achieving gender equality to the sustainable development of Ethiopia. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 37-42.
Bell, K. 2017. Gender and the environment by Nicole Detraz: Taylor & Francis.
Bijani, M.; Ghazani, E.; Valizadeh, N. & Haghighi, N. F. 2017. Pro-environmental analysis of farmers' concerns and behaviors towards soil conservation in central district of Sari County, Iran. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5(1), 43-49.
Bradshaw, S. 2013. Women’s decision-making in rural and urban households in Nicaragua: the influence of income and ideology. Environment and Urbanization, 25(1), 81-94.
Burgess, JH.; Arrison, C. & Ilius, P. 1998. Environmental communication and the cultural politics of environmental citizenship, Environment and PlanningA, 30: 1445–1460.
Chan, K. & Chan, C. 2016. Empowering Students through Service-Learning of Community Psychology: A Case in Hong Kong. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 20(4), 25-36.
Crittenden, V.L.; Crittenden, W. F. & Ajjan, H. 2019. Empowering women micro-entrepreneurs in emerging economies: The role of information communications technology. Journal of Business Research, N: 98, 191-203.
Dailey, J. 2017. The Nature of Identity: Ecofeminism, Women's Poetry, and Reclaiming Power through the Recognition of Parallel Oppressions.
Dandona, A. 2015. Empowerment of Women: A Conceptual Framework. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN, 2348-5396.
Duflo, E .2012. Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(4), 1051-1079.
Eastman, L. 2006. Self-Esteem and Empowerment for Women (The Professional Woman Network Library) Goblin Fern Press.
Goldblum, C. 2017. Françoise d’Eaubonne, à l’origine de la pensée écoféministe. L'Homme et la société(1), 189-202.
Grabe, S. 2012. An empirical examination of women’s empowerment and transformative change in the context of international development. American journal of community psychology 49(1-2): 233-245.
Hair, J. F.; Black, W. C.; Babin, B. J.; Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. 2010. Multivariate data analysis (seventh ed.). United State of Amreica: Pearson prentice hall.
Haugh, H. M. & O’Carroll, M. 2019. Empowerment, social innovation and social change Handbook of Inclusive Innovation: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hayes, A. F. 2009. Beyond Baron and Kenny: statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76( 4), 408-420.
Heinzle, S.; Kanzig, J.; Nentwich, J. & Offenberger, U. 2010. Moving beyond gender differences in research on sustainable consumption: Evidence from a discrete choice experiment. Retrieved July, 10, 2017.
Hissa, H.; Alves, F.; Nelson, T.; Costa, M.; Strauch, G.; Bassi, L. & de Assis, R. 2019. Sustainable rural development in Rio de Janeiro state: the Rio rural; PP: 23-39.
Hunter, B.A.; Jason, L. A. & Keys, C.B. 2013. Factors of empowerment for women in recovery from substance use. American journal of community psychology, 51(1-2), 91-102.
Kabeer, N. 1999. Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Development and change 30(3): 435-464.
Kaiser, F. G.; Wölfing, S. & Fuhrer, U. 1999. Environmental attitude and ecological behaviour. Journal of environmental psychology, 19(1), 1-19.
Kantachote, K.; Mallick, A.; Polster, R. & Roets, K. 2013. Indicators of Women’s empowerment in developing nations. Paper presented at the Workshop in International Public Affairs.
Karademas, E. 2006. Self-efficacy, social support and well-being: The mediating role of optimism. Personality and individual differences, 40(6), 1281-1290.
Khan, N & Trivedi, P. 2015. Gender differences and sustainable consumption behavior. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 3(3), 29-35.
Khani, F.; Motiee Langeroodi, H. & Sayyad Bidhendi, L. 2012. Provide rural women empowerment model users of ICT (case study: Central Part of Lahijan City), Volume 4, Issue 1, PP: 85-108
Kings, AE. 2017. Intersectionality and the changing face of ecofeminism. Ethics and the Environment, 22(1), 63-87.
Kline, R. B. 2011. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling: The Guilford Press.
Kollmuss, A. & Agyeman, J. 2002. Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental education research, 8 (3): 239-260.
Kouzechian, H.; Noruzi, R. & Moradi, H. 2012. Comparison of self-esteem and life satisfaction of Tarbiat Modares University students, Sport Management, Volume 4, Issue 14, PP: 61-76
Macovei, Octav -Ionuţ. 2015. Applying the theory of planned behavior in predicting proenvironmental behaviour: The case of energy conservation. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Œconomica, 11(4), 15-32.
Mahmud, S.; Shah, N. & Becker, S. 2012. Measurement of women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh. World development, 40(3), 610-619.
Malhotra, A. & Schuler, S. 2005. Women’s empowerment as a variable in international development. Measuring empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives, 1(1), 71-88.
Mallinckrodt, B.; Abraham, T. W.; Wei, M. & Russell, D. W. 2006. Advance in Testing Statistical Significance of Mediation Effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 372–378.
Manisha, R. 2012. Ecofeminism at the Crossroads in India: A Review, DEP n. 20/, Available Electronically At: www.unive.it/media/allegato/dep/n20- 2012/Ricerche/Casi/11_Rao_Ecofeminism.pdf
McKenzie, J. K. 1999. Correlation between self-efficacy and self-esteem in students. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI.
Miedema, S.; Haardorfer, R.; Girard, A. & Yount, K. 2018. Women’s empowerment in East Africa: Development of a cross-country comparable measure. World Development, 110, 453-464.
Mohiuddin, Muhammad, Al Mamun, Abdullah, Syed, Fazal Ali, Mehedi Masud, Muhammad, & Su, Zh. 2018. Environmental Knowledge, Awareness, and Business School Students’ Intentions to Purchase Green Vehicles in Emerging Countries. Sustainability, 10(5), 1534.
Mondal, P. 2015. Essay on Women Empowerment in India. Young Article Library, 31317.
Moore, N. 2015. Eco/feminist genealogies: Renewing promises and new possibilities Contemporary perspectives on ecofeminism (pp. 35-53): Routledge.
Morita, K. 2007. For a better environmental communication: a materialist Ecofeminist analysis of Global warming by a male Japanese Ecofeminist. Caligrama (São Paulo. Online), 3(2).
Naganag, E. M. 2014. The role of indigenous women in forest conservation in upland Kalinga province, Northern Philippines. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 3(6), 75-89.
Nations, United. 2015. Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly.
Ortiz-Rodriguez, J.; Pillai, V. & Ribeiro-Ferreira, M. 2017. The impact of autonomy on women’s Agency. Convergencia Revista de Ciencias Sociales (73), p: 1-20.
Rosenberge, M. 1989. Society and the adolescent self-image Princeton. NY: Princeton.
Sachs, C. E. 2018. Gendered fields: Rural women, agriculture, and environment: Routledge.
Salman, A. 2007. Ecofeminist Movements from the North to the South. The Pakistan Development Review, 46(4), 853-864.
Sam, S. 2017. Towards an empowerment framework for evaluating mobile phone use and impact in developing countries. Telematics and Informatics 34(1): 359-369.
Sarna, P. 2016. Adolescent girl empowerment and its relationship with self-esteem. International Journal of Home Science, 2(2), 15-17.
Schwarzer, R. 1997. General perceived self-efficacy in 14 cultures. Available: http://www.yorku.ca/ faculty/academic/schwarze/world14.htm
Sen, A. 1999. Development as Freedom Oxford University Press Oxford Google Scholar press (In Persian).
Sharnappa, P. 2016. Reconstructing ecofeminism: A study of Kamala Markandaya’s nectar in a sieve. Cogent Social Sciences, 2(1), 1243772.
Shobeiri, S.M. & Meiboudi, H. 2014. Women's participation in environmental management and development Promotion Culture. International Journal of Resistive Economics, 2(2), 49-61.
Singh, R. 2018. Women empowerment in 21st century: A constitutional study. research journal of social sciences, 9(10), 158-170.
Sinha, Madhabendra, Mahapatra, Sudhansu Sekhar, Dutta, Abhijit, & Sengupta, Partha Pratim. 2019. Microfinance and Women Empowerment: An Empirical Analysis Handbook of Research on Microfinancial Impacts on Women Empowerment, Poverty, and Inequality (pp. 52-64): IGI Global.
Snowhite, IV.; Jones, WE.; Dumestre, J.; Dunlap, K.; Braly, PS. & Hagensee, ME. 2002. Comparative analysis of methods for collection and measurement of cytokines and immunoglobulins in cervical and vaginal secretions of HIV and HPV infected women. Journal of immunological methods, 263(1-2), 85-95.
Statistical Center of Iran. 2017. National census of population and housing press (In Persian).
Steffen, E. M. 2014. Women’s Empowerment and Community-Driven Development: Evidence from the Solomon Islands, Master’s Thesis, Department of Economics University of San Francisco.
Sturgeon, N. 2016. Ecofeminist natures: Race, gender, feminist theory and political action: Routledge.
Thomaes, S.; Poorthuis, A. & Nelemans, S. 2011. Self-esteem. In B. Brown & M. Prinstein (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence. 316-324.
Tilfarlioglu, F. Y. & Ciftci, F. S. 2011. Supporting Self-efficacy and Learner Autonomy in Relation to Academic Success in EFL Classrooms (A Case Study). Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 1(10).
Varoglu, L.; Temel, S. & Yılmaz, A. 2018. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards the environmental issues: Case of Northern Cyprus. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(3), 997-1004.
Vaz, A. 2013. The women’s empowerment in agriculture index. World Dev. 52, 71–91.
Vaz, A.; Alkire, S.; Quisumbing, A. & Sraboni, E. 2019. Measuring autonomy: evidence from Bangladesh.
Weber, O. & Ahmad, A. 2014. Empowerment through microfinance: The relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment. World Development 62: 75-87.
Wehmeyer, M. L. 2005. Self-determination and individuals with severe disabilities: Re-examining meanings and misinterpretations. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 30, 113. 120.
Zimmerman, M. A. 1995. Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American journal of community psychology, 23(5), 581-599.