پژوهش های محیط زیست

پژوهش های محیط زیست

بررسی حقوقی مقابله با تغییرات اقلیمی در آمریکای لاتین: استراتژی‌های کاهش و سازگاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
2 دانشیار حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
10.22034/eiap.2026.491241.2619
چکیده
تغییرات‌ اقلیمی به‌عنوان یک تهدید جهانی، کشورهای آمریکای لاتین را به‌ویژه به‌دلیل موقعیت جغرافیایی و شرایط اقتصادی‌شان به شدت تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. این مقاله به بررسی چارچوب‌های حقوقی و استراتژی‌های کاهش و سازگاری برای مقابله با تغییرات اقلیمی در این منطقه می‌پردازد. با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، چالش‌های اصلی این کشورها از جمله کمبود منابع مالی، زیرساخت‌های ضعیف و نابرابری‌های اجتماعی و اقتصادی مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد. همچنین نقش توافقات بین‌المللی مانند توافق پاریس و پروتکل کیوتو در تسهیل فرایند های کاهش و سازگاری نیز مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرد. اهمیت تأمین مالی و انتقال فناوری‌های پیشرفته برای تقویت تاب‌آوری جوامع محلی نیز مورد بحث قرار می‌گیرد. نتایج این بررسی، بر ضرورت همکاری‌های بین‌المللی و تأمین منابع لازم به‌منظور توسعه پایدار و تقویت ظرفیت‌های سازگاری در منطقه آمریکای لاتین تأکید می‌کند. این مطالعه نتیجه‌گیری می‌کند که یک رویکرد حقوقی جامع، پشتیبانی‌شده توسط تلاش‌های ملی و بین‌المللی، برای مقابله مؤثر با چالش‌های اقلیمی در این منطقه ضروری است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Legal Analysis of Addressing Climate Change in Latin America: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

نویسندگان English

Mohammadreza Jodyvash 1
طلایی Talaie 2
1 Master in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
چکیده English

Climate change, as a global threat, has severely impacted Latin American countries due to their geographic location and economic conditions. This paper examines the legal frameworks and strategies for mitigation and adaptation to combat climate change in the region. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, it explores the main challenges faced by these countries, such as financial resource shortages, weak infrastructure, and social and economic inequalities. The role of international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol, in facilitating the processes of mitigation and adaptation is also highlighted. Additionally, the importance of financing and the transfer of advanced technologies for enhancing the resilience of local communities is discussed. The findings emphasize the need for international cooperation and the provision of necessary resources to foster sustainable development and strengthen adaptive capacities in Latin America. The study concludes that a comprehensive legal approach, backed by both national and international efforts, is crucial for effectively addressing the climate challenges in the region.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Climate change
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Agreement
mitigation and adaptation strategies
Latin America
Abdous, H., &Raei, M. (2015). Mechanisms for Monitoring States’ Compliance with Environmental Obligations in International Instruments. 1st ed. Tehran: Majd Publications. ISBN: 9786001935046. (In Persian)
Abrams, A.L., Carden, K., Teta, C. & Wågsæther, K. (2021). Water, sanitation, and hygiene vulnerability among rural areas and small towns in South Africa: Exploring the role of climate change, marginalization, and inequality. Water. 13(20): 2810.
Akinyele, D.O., Nair, N.K.C., Rayudu, R.K. & Seah, W.K.G. (2014). Clean development mechanism projects for developing countries: Potential for carbon emissions mitigation and sustainable development. In 2014 Eighteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IEEE: 1–6.
Alemaw, B.F. & Simalenga, T. (2015). Climate change impacts and adaptation in rainfed farming systems: A modeling framework for scaling-out climate smart agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of Climate Change. 4(4): 313.
Almer, C. & Winkler, R. (2017). Analyzing the effectiveness of international environmental policies: The case of the Kyoto Protocol. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 82: 125–151.
Asner, G., Loarie, S. & Heyder, U. (2010). The combined effects of climate and land‐use change on the future of humid tropical forests. Conservation Letters. 3(6): 289–300.
Ayrem, M., Salimi-Torkamani, H., Mousizadeh, M. (2023). The Role of Soft Law in the Legal Framework of Climate Change with a Legal Positivist Approach. Legal Studies. 22(53): 331–358. (In Persian)
Babu, E.B., Ritvik, K., Sainath, L.V.A. & Sai, M.T. (2023). Blockchain-driven agricultural product traceability and supply chain management. In 2023 5th International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA), IEEE: 1202–1207.
Baethgen, W.E. (1997). Vulnerability of the agricultural sector of Latin America to climate change. Climate Research. 9(1-2): 1.
Balbi, S. & Giupponi, C. (2010). Agent-based modeling of socio-ecosystems: A methodology for the analysis of adaptation to climate change. International Journal of Agent Technologies and Systems. 2(4): 17–38.
Barthakur, A. (2021). Polluter pays principle as the key element to environmental law. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 11(3): 274–277.
Bator, A. & Borek, A. (2021). Adaptation to climate change under climate change treaties. International Community Law Review. 23(2–3): 158–167.
Bilqis, A. & Afriansyah, A. (2020). Paris Agreement: Respon terhadap pendekatan prinsip common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities dalam Kyoto Protocol. Environmental Law. 2(7): 391.
Böhringer, C. (2003). The Kyoto Protocol: A review and perspectives. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 19(3): 451–466.
Bousema, T., Selvaraj, P., Djimde, A.A., Yakar, D., Hagedorn, B., Pratt, A., Barret, D., Whitfield, K. & Cohen, J.M. (2020). Reducing the carbon footprint of academic conferences: The example of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 103(5): 1758.
Burnell, P. (2012). Democracy, democratization and climate change: Complex relationships. Democratization. 19(5): 813–842.
Campbell, D. & Lester, S. (2023). Building resilience in Jamaica’s farming communities: Insights from a climate-smart intervention. Case Studies in the Environment. 7(1): 1233811.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita - Country rankings. Available at: https://www.theglobaleconomy. com/rankings/Carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita/Latin-Am/.
Cavazos, T., Bettolli, M.L., Campbell, D., Sánchez Rodríguez, R.A., Mycoo, M., Arias, P.A., Rivera, J. et al. (2024). Challenges for climate change adaptation in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Frontiers in Climate. 6: 1392033.
COP27 debrief: Milestones for climate-resilient development in Sharm el-Sheikh, (10 January 2023). Available at: https://unctad.org/news/blog-cop27-debrief-milestones-climate-resilient-development-sharm-el-sheikh?utm_source= .
Del Barrio-Alvarez, D., Komatsuzaki, S. & Horii, H. (2014). Regional power sector integration: Critical success factors in the Central American electricity market. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development. 7(12): 119–136.
Deutsche Welle. (2024). Davos Report: Millions of People Could Die as a Result of Climate Change. https://p.dw.com/p/68001228. (In Persian)
Dev, P., Khandelwal, S., Yadav, S.C., Arya, V. & Mali, H.R. (2023). Climate based smart agriculture: Need for food security and sustainability. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 13(3): 224–231.
Devi, O.R., Laishram, B., Singh, S., Paul, A., Sarma, H.H., Bora, S.S. & Devi, S.B. (2023). A review on mitigation of greenhouse gases by agronomic practices towards sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 13(8): 278–287.
Dooley, K.E. & Roberts, T.G. (2020). Agricultural education and extension curriculum innovation: The nexus of climate change, food security, and community resilience. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. 26(1): 2–3.
Edenhofer, O. & Minx, J. (2014). Mapmakers and navigators, facts and values. Science. 345(6192): 37–38.
Fearnside, P.M. (2012). Brazil's Amazon forest in mitigating global warming: Unresolved controversies. Climate Policy. 12(1): 70–81.
Feld, B. & Galiani, S. (2015). Climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean: Policy options and research priorities. Latin American Economic Review. 24: 1–39.
Fisher, Elizabeth. (2017). A Brief Introduction to Environmental Law. Translated by Erfan Shams. Tehran: Majd Publications. ISBN: 9786222258962. (In Persian)
Fofack, H. (2016). The Paris Climate Agreement heightens development challenges in Africa. World Economics. 17(2): 1–29.
Fund, Adaptation. (2015). About the adaptation fund. Provisions for support to LDCs. 45: 2.
Guo, H. 2016. International experience of environmental pollution liability insurance. J. Manag. Strat. 7: 59–64.
Harper, S.L., Cunsolo, A. & Clayton, S. (2022). Including mental health as part of climate change impacts and adaptation assessment: A critical advance in IPCC AR6. PLOS Climate. 1(5): e0000033.
Jafari, Khornakeh, Seifollah. (2013). The Effect of Climate and Environmental Changes on the Productivity of Forest Ecosystems (Case Study: Galougah). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research. 21(1): 166–183. (In Persian)
Jalali, Afshari, Mazinanian. (2020). The Impact of the Environmental Dimensions of Climate Change on National Security. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 22(9): 179–190. (In Persian)
Kalinowski, T. (2024). The Green Climate Fund and private sector climate finance in the global south. Climate Policy. 24(3): 281–296.
Kim, S.J. & Reinert, K.A. (2009). Standards and institutional capacity: An examination of trade in food and agricultural products. The International Trade Journal. 23(1): 54–77.
Kolshus, H.H., Vevatne, J., Torvanger, A. & Aunan, K. (2001). Can the clean development mechanism attain both cost-effectiveness and sustainable development objectives? CICERO Working Paper 2001:8. Oslo: Center for International Climate and Environmental Research (CICERO).
Kooffreh, B.E., Anyatang, B.F.I. & Aminone, V.T. (2023). The inaction in climate change adaptation and mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some policy and legal issues. Environmental Policy and Law. 53(2–3): 197–204.
Kovač, M. & Bezerra, M.N. (2020). Eroded Rule of Law, Endemic Violence and Social Injustice in Brazil. LeXonomica. 12(2): 211–242.
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf .
Lu, Q-B. (2009). Correlation between cosmic rays and ozone depletion. Physical Review Letters. 102(11): 118501.
Macías, N.T. & Gaitán, A.G. (2024). Tax reforms and their effect on social inequality. International Journal of Religion. 5(10): 142–153.
Masoudi, A. (2015). International Environmental Law. 1st ed. Tehran: Majd Publications. ISBN: 9786001933677. (In Persian)
Miteva, D., Ellis, P.W., Ellis, E. & Griscom, B. (2019). The role of property rights in shaping the effectiveness of protected areas and resisting forest loss in the Yucatan Peninsula. PLoS ONE. 14(6): e0218494.
Nouri Najafi, S. Gh., Sedighi, A. A. (2009). Technology Transfer through the Clean Development Mechanism. Iranian Energy Journal. 9(2): 18–26. (In Persian)
Nyekwere, E.H. (2020). Commercializing international environmental protection: A review of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its market-based mechanisms. International Affairs and Global Strategy. 86: 21–29.
Paris Agreement. United Nations, 2018. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/ english_paris_agreement.pdf .
Park, P., Jafarzadeh, S., & Hosseini, M. R. (2014). International Energy and Environmental Law. (In Persian)
Pauw, W.P. 2015. Not a panacea: Private-sector engagement in adaptation and adaptation finance in developing countries. Climate Policy. 15(5): 583–603.
Pauw, W.P., Castro, P., Pickering, J. & Bhasin, S. (2020). Conditional nationally determined contributions in the Paris Agreement: Foothold for equity or Achilles heel?. Climate Policy. 20(4): 468–484.
Perera, D., Seidou, O., Agnihotri, J., Rasmy, M., Smakhtin, V., Coulibaly, P. & Mehmood, H. (2019). Flood early warning systems: A review of benefits, challenges and prospects. UNU-INWEH, Hamilton.
Poddar, A. (2023). A study of "common but differentiated responsibility" and Paris Agreement. Indian Journal of Law and Justice. 14(88): 91–92.
Prasad, A., et al. [n.d.]. Mobilizing private climate financing in emerging market and developing economies.
Rahimi, N., Karegari, & Khodi. (2005). An Examination of the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol and the Financing of Projects. Iranian Energy Journal. 9(2): 56–71. (In Persian)
Schneider, H. (2023). Common but differentiated responsibilities in the Paris Agreement on climate change: Policy or politics?. FIU Law Review. 18: 327.
Schneider, H. (2024). Common but differentiated responsibilities in the Paris Agreement. FIU Law Review. 18(2): 327.
Schreurs, M.A. (2003). Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany, and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Segger, M.-C.C. (2016). Advancing the Paris Agreement on climate change for sustainable development. Cambridge International Law Journal. 5(2): 202–237.
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., ... & Miller, H.L. (2007). Climate change.
Song, Y., Cheng, Q., Gan, X. & Huang, H. (2023). The dual environmental and economic effects of the emission trading scheme under local fiscal pressure: “Efficient markets” and “Promising governments”. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 11: 1095321.
Squalli, J. & Adamkiewicz, G. (2023). The spatial distribution of agricultural emissions in the United States: The role of organic farming in mitigating climate change. Journal of Cleaner Production. 414: 137678.
Tenzing, J., et al. (2016). Climate finance for the Least Developed Countries: A Future for the LDCF?.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations, 1992. FCCC/INFORMAL/84, GE.05-62220 (E) 200705. Available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf .
Wikipedia. Latin America. Accessed October 16, 2024. https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/آمریکای_لاتین (In Persian)
Wikipedia. List of Countries by Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Accessed October 16, 2024, https://short.do/ mNV7Fj (In Persian)
Xia, W., Chen, X. & Song, C. (2022). A framework of blockchain technology in intelligent water management. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 10: 909606.
Yamineva, Y. & Kulovesi, K. (2012). The new framework for climate finance under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A breakthrough or an empty promise?. In Climate Change and the Law. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands: 191–223.
Zaman, M., Kleineidam, K., Bakken, L., Berendt, J., Bracken, C., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Cai, Z. et al. 2021. Climate-smart agriculture practices for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Zepeda-Gil, C. & Natarajan, S. 2020. A review of “green building” regulations, laws, and standards in Latin America. Buildings. 10(10): 188.