تعارض انسان- حیات‌وحش و دیدگاه مردم محلی در ارتباط با حفاظت از حیات‌وحش در پارک ملی گلستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته رشته محیط زیست، دانشکده شیلات و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی گرگان، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده شیلات و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی گرگان، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه مدیریت مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران

10.22034/eiap.2022.158594

چکیده

درگیری بشر و حیات‌وحش موضوعی نوظهور در عصر کنونی است که با گذشت زمان شدت یافته است. این تحقیق جنبه‌های مختلف درگیری انسان و حیوانات‌ وحشی را در پارک ملی گلستان ارزیابی می‌کند. مطالعه حاضر در ابتدا با استفاده از تحقیق میدانی برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات اولیه در میان افراد بومی روستاهای اطراف پارک انجام شد. برای کسب اطلاعات تکمیلی در مورد مناقشات انسان و حیات‌وحش و نگرش مردم محلی نسبت به حیات‌وحش در منطقه مورد مطالعه از روش پرسش‌نامه باز و بسته استفاده شد. پاسخ‌دهندگان از جنس‌ها، گروه‌های سنی، گروه‌های دینی، مشاغل و زمینه‌های تحصیلی مختلف بودند. چهارده روستا بر اساس اطلاعات جمع‌آوری شده با استفاده از بررسی اولیه، فاصله از پارک، مشکلات مربوط به آسیب زراعی، تلفات دام، بهداشت و سلامت انسان و وابستگی مردم محلی به پارک انتخاب شدند. در مجموع، 489 نفر به طور تصادفی برای مصاحبه انتخاب شدند. بیشتر پاسخ‌دهندگان (83/46 درصد) عقیده داشتند در طی سال‌های اخیر جمعیت حیوانات مشکل‌ساز در منطقه افزایش یافته است. انواع اصلی درگیری‌های انسان- حیات‌وحش در این منطقه شامل حمله به محصول، شکار دام، افزایش خطر بیماری‌های دامی و تهدیدهای مستقیم برای زندگی انسان بود. 14/35 درصد از پاسخ‌دهندگان خسارت به محصولات را عامل اصلی مقابله با حیات‌وحش می‌دانستند. 64/32 درصد از پاسخ‌دهندگان شکار دام توسط حیوانات وحشی، 58/16 درصد از پاسخ‌دهندگان تهدید جان انسان و 63/15 درصد از پاسخ‌دهندگان تهدید سلامت و بهداشت انسان توسط حیات‌وحش را دلایل مقابله خود با حیات‌وحش می‌دانستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Human-Wildlife Conflict and Local Peoples'views on Wildlife Conservation in Golestan National Park, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Salehi 1
  • Hossein Varasteh Moradi 2
  • Hossein Barani 3
1 Master of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Range Land Management, Faculty of Range land and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

The conflict between human and wildlife is a newfound issue in the present era that has intensified over time. This study evaluates different aspects of human-wildlife conflict in the Golestan National Park. The present study was initially conducted using field research to collect basic information among the native villagers around the Golestan National park. A questionnaire method (open and closed) was used to obtain additional information about human and wildlife conflicts and the attitude of local people towards wildlife in the study area. Respondents were of different genders, age groups, religious groups, occupations and fields of study. Fourteen villages were selected based on the data collected using a preliminary survey, distance from the park, problems related to agricultural damage, livestock losses, human health and dependence of local people on the park. Totally, 489 people were randomly selected for interview. The majority of respondents (46.83%) believed that the population of problematic animals in the region has increased in recent years. The main types of human-wildlife conflicts in the study area were include crop attacks, livestock hunting, increased risk of animal diseases, and direct threats to human life. 35.14% of the respondents considered damage to crops as the main factor in dealing with wildlife. Also, 32.64%, 16.58% and 15.63% of the respondents considered the hunting of livestock by wild animals, the threat to human life and the threat to human health by wildlife as the reasons for their confrontation with wildlife, respectively.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Human
  • Wildlife
  • Conflict
  • Protection
  • Golestan National Park
Adams, W. M. & Hulme, D. 2001. If community conservation is the answer in Africa, what is the question? oryx journal, 35:193-200. 
Akama, J. S.; Lant, C. L. & Burnett, G. W. 1995. Conflicting attitudes toward state wildlife conservation programs in Kenya. Social National Research, 8:133- 144.
Andrade, G. S. M. & Rhodes, J. R. 2012. Protected areas and local communities: an inevitable partnership toward successful conservation strategies? Ecology and Society, 17: 14–21.
Anthony, B. 2007. The dual nature of parks: attitudes of neighboring communities towards Kruger National Park, South Africa. Environment Conservation, 34:236-245.
Barua, M.; Bhagwat, S. A. & Jadhav, S. 2013. The hidden dimensions of human–wildlife conflict: health impacts, opportunity and transaction costs. Biological Conservation, 157: 309–316.
Browne-Nuñez, C. & Jonker, S. A. 2008. Attitudes toward wildlife and conservation across Africa: a review of survey research. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13: 47–70.
DeMotts, R. & Hoon, P. 2012. Whose elephants? Conserving, compensating, and competing in Northern Botswana. Society & Natural Resources, 25(9): 837–851.
Department of Environment. 1999. Golestan National Park. Tehran: Department of Environment press. 123 p. (in Persian).
Dickman, A. J. 2010. Complexities of conflict: The importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict. Animal Conservation, 13(5): 458–466.
Ellis, E.; Goldewijk, S.; Siebert, D.; Lightman, A. & Ramankutty, N. 2010. Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19: 589–606.
Holmern, T.; Nyahongo, J. & Røskaft, E. 2007. Livestock loss caused by predators outside the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Biological Conservation, 135: 534–542.   
IUCN. 2003. World Parks Congress Recommendation 20: Preventing and Mitigating Human-Wildlife Conflicts. Gland, Switzerland.
Khalighi, Sh. 1997. Water resources studies in Golestan National Park. Tehran: Tehran University Press. (in Persian)
Khorozyan, I.; Soofi, M.; Ghoddousia, A.; Khaleghi Hamidi, A. & Walterta, M. 2015. The relationship between climate, diseases of domestic animals and human-carnivore conflicts. Basic and Applied Ecology, 8(16): 703-713.
Makhdoum, M. & Dargahi, M. 2002. Golestan National Park Zooning. Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(29): 71-77. (in Persian).
Masanja, F. G. 2014. Human population growth and wildlife extinction in Ugalla Ecosystem, Western Tanzania. Sustainable Development Study, 5:192- 217.
Megaze, A.; Balakrishnan, M. & Belay, G. 2014. Human–wildlife conflict and attitude of local people towards conservation of wildlife in Chebera Churchura National Park, Ethiopia. African Zoology, 52(1):1-8.
Messmer, T. A. 2000. The emergence of human-wildlife conflict management: turning challenges into opportunities. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 43:97-102.
Mwakughu, M. 2013. Evaluating effectiveness of mitigation measures for conflict resolution between humans and protected areas, Case study; Maktau area in Taita Taveta Region, Kenya. M.Sc. Thesis, Ankara University.
Nepal, S. K.; &Weber, K. E. 1995. Prospects for coexistence e wildlife and local people. Ambio journal, 24: 238-245.
Newmark, W. D.; Leonard, N. L.; Sariko, H. I. & Gamassa, D. G. 1993. Conservation attitudes of local people living adjacent to five protected areas in Tanzania. Biological Conservation, 63: 177–183.
Nyirenda, V. R.; Willem, J. M.; Reilly, B. K.; Phiri, A. I. & Chabwela, H. N. 2013. Wildlife crop damage valuation and conservation: conflicting perception by local farmers in the Luangwa Valley, eastern Zambia. International Journal of Biodiversity Conservation, 5: 741–750.
Ogada, M.; Woodroffe, R.; Oguge, N. & Frank, G. 2003. Limiting depredation by African carnivores: the role of livestock husbandry. Conservation Biology, 17(6): 1521–1530.
Phonooni, H. 1997. Preliminary study of socio-economic resources of Golestan National Park. Undergraduate discussion session. Gorgan: Gorgan University of Ageicultural Sciences and Natural Resources Press. (in persian).
Ryan, S. J.; Southworth, J.; Hartter, J.; Dowhaniuk, N.; Fuda, R. K. & Diem, J. E. 2015. Household level influences on fragmentation in an African park landscape. Applied Geography, 58: 18-31.
Schley, L.; Dufrene, M.; Krier, A. & Frantz, L. 2008. Patterns of crop damage by Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Luxembourg over a 10-year period. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 54: 589-599.
Selyari, J.; Elhami Rad, A.; Naderi, M. & Almasieh, K. 2019. Golestan National Park zoning re-evaluation based on higher species richness hotspots. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 3(4): 1-11.
Shibia, M. G. 2010. Determinants of attitudes and perceptions on resource use and management of Marsabit National Reserve, Kenya. Journal of Human Ecology, 30: 55–62.
Soofi, M. 2017. Human conflict with wolves and leopards in the surrounding areas of Golestan National Park. Master thesis. Gorgan: Gorgan University of Ageicultural Sciences and Natural Resources Press. (in persian).
Tarrant, J.; Kruger, D. & Du Preez, L. H. 2016. Do public attitudes affect conservation effort? Using a questionnaire-based survey to assess perceptions, beliefs and superstitions associated with frogs in South Africa. African Zoology, 51: 13–20.
Thouless, C. R. & Sakwa, J. 1995. Shocking elephants: Fences and crop raiders in Laikipia district, Kenya. Biological Conservation, 72: 99–107.
Treves, A. 2007. Balancing the Needs of People and Wildlife: When Wildlife Damage Crops and Prey on Livestock. Unpublished report. Land Tenure Centre, University of Wisconsin, USA.
Woodroffe, R.; Thirgood, S. J. &Rabinowitz, A. 2005. People and Wildlife. In People and Wildlife: Conflict or Co-exitence, 497. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.